In his book Noise: The Political Economy of Music, Jacques Attali writes: 'Rock and roll is an anarchic, heretical force that aims at tearing down the established order, at finding a way to freedom, or at least to some sort of liberation.' Attali suggests that rock and roll's rebellious spirit is rooted in its origins as music for the marginalized and disenfranchised, including African Americans and working-class youth. The genre's primal and sexual nature, as well as its connection to the occult, are also seen as manifestations of this rebellious spirit.
Kenneth Anger has been one of the most prominent voices in the exploration of rock and roll's spiritual qualities. In his book Hollywood Babylon, Anger writes, 'Rock and roll is a pagan thing, a pagan religion, and its rituals are sexual.' This statement highlights the primal and sexual nature of rock and roll, which is often associated with the pagan worship of the body and the earth.
Similarly, punk rock emerged in the late 1970s as a response to the excesses of the music industry and the political and social turmoil of the time. In his book Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, Legs McNeil writes: 'Punk rock was about breaking down the barriers of who was cool and who wasn't. It was about being anti-authority.' The genre's confrontational and aggressive edge, as well as its DIY ethos, reflect the social and political context of its time.
In cyberpunk, a genre that emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and has continued to influence various forms of art and culture, the themes of rebellion and subversion are also prominent. Cyberpunk literature and films often depict dystopian futures where advanced technology coexists with societal decay, and protagonists navigate a world dominated by powerful corporations and corrupt authorities. This genre explores the intersection of humanity and technology, raising questions about the consequences of unchecked technological progress and its impact on individual freedom.
Technoshamanism, a movement that emerged in the 1990s, also shares a desire to subvert traditional forms of authority and religion. In their book The Technoshaman Manifesto, authors Arthur and Marilouise Kroker write: "The technoshamanist re-imagines the world as a hybrid of the natural and the technological." Technoshamans use technology to create altered states of consciousness and to connect with spiritual forces in a way that is both traditional and innovative.
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